Neurotransmisores implicados en la fisiopatología de la esquizofrenia

Roxana Elisa Urquiza - Zavaleta, Juan Luis Rodríguez Vega, Nell Alejandro Navarro- Lópeez

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Introducción: La esquizofrenia es un trastorno psiquiátrico que suele iniciar en la adolescencia o adultez temprana, caracterizándose por alteraciones en la percepción de la realidad y deterioro cognitivo. La investigación farmacológica y de neuroimagen ha identificado a la dopamina como el neurotransmisor principal, dado su elevado nivel cerebral.

Objetivo: describir el papel de los neurotransmisores en la esquizofrenia.

Método: revisión documental con estrategia de búsqueda filtrada en bases de datos científicas. Se emplearon operadores booleanos y palabras clave sobre esquizofrenia, neurotransmisores, dopamina y glutamato. En el periodo de 2010 a 2023.

Resultados: La hipótesis dopaminérgica que vincula la esquizofrenia a un desequilibrio de dopamina es la de mayor consenso, sustentada en que los antipsicóticos reduciéndola mejoran los síntomas. Otros neurotransmisores como glutamato serían relevantes. Se requiere más investigación para esclarecer su papel específico y mecanismos de acción.

Conclusión: La esquizofrenia es un trastorno de alta complejidad, con base biológica, donde la investigación del rol diferenciado de diversos neurotransmisores constituyen áreas clave para avanzar en su comprensión y manejo efectivo.

Palabras clave: esquizofrenia; psicoterapia; neurotransmisores; glutamato; dopamina.

Palabras clave

esquizofrenia, psicoterapia, neurotransmisores, glutamato, dopamina.

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