Neurotransmisores implicados en la fisiopatología de la esquizofrenia
Palabras clave:
esquizofrenia, psicoterapia, neurotransmisores, glutamato, dopamina.Resumen
Introducción: La esquizofrenia es un trastorno psiquiátrico que suele iniciar en la adolescencia o adultez temprana, caracterizándose por alteraciones en la percepción de la realidad y deterioro cognitivo. La investigación farmacológica y de neuroimagen ha identificado a la dopamina como el neurotransmisor principal, dado su elevado nivel cerebral.
Objetivo: describir el papel de los neurotransmisores en la esquizofrenia.
Método: revisión documental con estrategia de búsqueda filtrada en bases de datos científicas. Se emplearon operadores booleanos y palabras clave sobre esquizofrenia, neurotransmisores, dopamina y glutamato. En el periodo de 2010 a 2023.
Resultados: La hipótesis dopaminérgica que vincula la esquizofrenia a un desequilibrio de dopamina es la de mayor consenso, sustentada en que los antipsicóticos reduciéndola mejoran los síntomas. Otros neurotransmisores como glutamato serían relevantes. Se requiere más investigación para esclarecer su papel específico y mecanismos de acción.
Conclusión: La esquizofrenia es un trastorno de alta complejidad, con base biológica, donde la investigación del rol diferenciado de diversos neurotransmisores constituyen áreas clave para avanzar en su comprensión y manejo efectivo.
Palabras clave: esquizofrenia; psicoterapia; neurotransmisores; glutamato; dopamina.
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18. Northoff, G.. All roads lead to the motor cortex: psychomotor mechanisms and their biochemical modulation in psychiatric disorders. Molecular Psychiatry. 2021; 26(1):92-102, ISSN 1359-4184. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0814-5
19. Krueger, R.F.. Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): II. Externalizing superspectrum. World Psychiatry. 2021; 20(2):171-193, ISSN 1723-8617. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20844
20. Miller, A.. Beyond depression: the expanding role of inflammation in psychiatric disorders. World Psychiatry. 2020; 19(1):108-109, ISSN 1723-8617. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20723
21. Ermakov, E.A.. Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in Schizophrenia Pathogenesis and New Treatment Perspectives. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2021; 2021, ISSN 1942-0900. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8881770
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31. Speranza, L.. Dopamine: The neuromodulator of long-term synaptic plasticity, reward and movement control. Cells. 2021; 10(4), ISSN 2073-4409. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10040735
32. Sears, S.M.S.. Influence of glutamate and GABA transport on brain excitatory/inhibitory balance. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2021; 246(9):1069-1083, ISSN 1535-3702. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370221989263
33. Banerjee, S.. Electrochemical Detection of Neurotransmitters. Biosensors. 2020; 10(8), ISSN 2079-6374. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10080101
34. Nakamura, Y.. Therapeutic use of extracellular mitochondria in CNS injury and disease. Experimental Neurology. 2020; 324, ISSN 0014-4886. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113114
35. Weiss, N.. Genetic T-type calcium channelopathies. Journal of Medical Genetics. 2020; 57(1):1-10, ISSN 0022-2593. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106163
36. Raghu, G.. The Multifaceted Therapeutic Role of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in Disorders Characterized by Oxidative Stress. Current Neuropharmacology. 2021; 19(8):1202-1224, ISSN 1570-159X. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666201230144109
37. Yamada, Y.. Neurobiological Mechanisms of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Psychiatric Disorders; Neurophysiological, Chemical, and Anatomical Considerations. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2021; 15, ISSN 1662-5161. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.631838
38. Bandelow, B.. Current and novel psychopharmacological drugs for anxiety disorders. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2020; 1191:347-365, ISSN 0065-2598. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_19
39. Teleanu, R.I.. Neurotransmitters—Key Factors in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Central Nervous System. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(11), ISSN 1661-6596. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115954
40. Shahsavar, A.. Structural insights into the inhibition of glycine reuptake. Nature. 2021; 591(7851):677-681, ISSN 0028-0836. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03274-z
41. Halverson, T.. Gut microbes in neurocognitive and mental health disorders. Annals of Medicine. 2020; 52(8):423-443, ISSN 0785-3890. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2020.1808239
42. Cernat, A.. An overview of the detection of serotonin and dopamine with graphene-based sensors. Bioelectrochemistry. 2020; 136, ISSN 1567-5394. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107620
43. Stevanovic, M.. SOX Transcription Factors as Important Regulators of Neuronal and Glial Differentiation During Nervous System Development and Adult Neurogenesis. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 2021; 14, ISSN 1662-5099. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2021.654031
44. Vidal, P.M.. The Cross-Talk Between the Dopaminergic and the Immune System Involved in Schizophrenia. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2020; 11, ISSN 1663-9812. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00394
45. Eddin, F.B.K.. The principle of nanomaterials based surface plasmon resonance biosensors and its potential for dopamine detection. Molecules. 2020; 25(12), ISSN 1420-3049. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122769
46. Tanaka, M.. Antidepressant-like effects of kynurenic acid in a modified forced swim test. Pharmacological Reports. 2020; 72(2):449-455, ISSN 2299-5684. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-020-00067-5
47. Jones, G.H.. Inflammatory signaling mechanisms in bipolar disorder. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2021; 28(1), ISSN 1021-7770. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-021-00742-6
48. Jeremic, D.. Therapeutic potential of targeting G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels in the central nervous system. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2021; 223, ISSN 0163-7258. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107808
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2024-08-02
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Urquiza - Zavaleta RE, Rodríguez Vega JL, Navarro- Lópeez NA. Neurotransmisores implicados en la fisiopatología de la esquizofrenia. Rev. Hosp. Psiq. Habana [Internet]. 2 de agosto de 2024 [citado 18 de agosto de 2025];21(2). Disponible en: https://revhph.sld.cu/index.php/hph/article/view/466
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