Assessment of Executive Function in Childhood and Adolescence
Keywords:
executive function, neuropsychological assessment, ecological validity.Abstract
Introduction: Executive functions (EFs) are a set of higher-order cognitive skills that allow human beings to better adapt to the environment. Their initial manifestations occur around the first decade of life, and extend until the third decade of it. Several studies have shown that EFs are predictors of school success, decisively influencing the performance of an infinite number of skills and tasks related to teaching-learning contexts,[1–4] where a malfunction could lead to difficulties, not only in the school environment but also in the social, behavioral and/or emotional spheres as well.
Objective: Systematize the theoretical references related to the assessment of executive functions in the school stage, both in Cuba and the world.
Method: A documentary review type research was carried out through a search in databases in different websites and online journals. Descriptors in English and Spanish were used.
Conclusions: Most of the studies reviewed worldwide assess executive functions using neuropsychological tests, being still limited to those aimed at assessing them in most of everyday aspects of life. It was found only one report of a questionnaire with ecological validity that measures this construct in Cuba, called Ballet Executive Scale (BES), which applies only to a small group of ballet students.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Balmaseda R, Alvarez MA. Neuropsicología de las funciones ejecutivas en el neurodesarrollo. In: Manual de Neuropsicología infantil. Madrid: 2023.
2. Pino Muñoz MM, Arán Filippetti V. Concepciones de niños y niñas sobre la inteligencia ¿Qué papel se otorga a las funciones ejecutivas y a la autorregulación? Propósitos y Represent [Internet]2019;7(2):269–86. Available from: http://revistas.usil.edu.pe/index.php/pyr/article/view/281
3. Rossignoli-Palomeque T, Quiros-Godoy M, Perez-Hernandez E, González-Marqués J. Schoolchildren’s Compensatory Strategies and Skills in Relation to Attention and Executive Function App Training. Front Psychol [Internet] 2019;10(October):1–14. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02332/full
4. Cortés Pascual A, Moyano Muñoz N, Quílez Robres A. The Relationship Between Executive Functions and Academic Performance in Primary Education: Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol [Internet] 2019;10(July). Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01582/full
5. Barroso y Martín JM, León Carrión J. Funciones ejecutivas: control, planificación y organización del conocimiento [Internet]. Rev. Psicol. Gen. y Apl. Rev. la Fed. Española Asoc. Psicol.2002;55(1):27–44. Available from: http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=260165&info=resumen&idioma=SPA
6. Korzeniowski C, Morelato G, Greco C, Manuel J. Improving Executive Functions in Elementary Schoolchildren. Eur J Psychol Educ Res 2020;3(1):59–73.
7. Alvarez MA. Datos blandos para ciencias duras. EOS. Madrid: 2016.
8. Cristofori I, Cohen-Zimerman S, Grafman J. Executive functions [Internet]. 2019. page 197–219.Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128042816000112
9. Burgess PW, Alderman N, Forbes C, Costello A, M-a.coates l, Dawson D, et al. The case for the development and use of “ecologically valid” measures of executive function in experimental and clinical neuropsychology. J Int Neuropsychol Soc [Internet] 2006;12(2):194–209. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1355617706060310/type/journal_article
10. Ardila A, Ostrosky F. Desarrollo Histórico de las Funciones Ejecutivas. Rev Neuropsicol Neuropsiquiatría y Neurociencias [Internet] 2008;48(1):1–21. Available from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3987433
11. Lezak MD. Assessing Executive Functions. Int J Psychol [Internet] 1982;17(1–4):281–97. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1080/00207598208247445
12. Ramos-Galarza C, Benavides-Endara P, Bolaños-Pasquel M, Fonseca-Bautista S, Ramos D, Ramos-Galarza C, et al. Escala de Observación Clínica Para Valorar la Tercera Unidad Funcional de la Teoría de Luria: EOCL-1. Rev Ecuatoriana Neurol [Internet] 2019;28(2):83–91. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/64127292/Escala_De_Observación_Clínica_Para_Valorar_La_Tercera_Unidad_Funcional_De_La_Teoría_De_Luria_Eocl_1
13. Posner MI, Petersen SE. The Attention System of the Human Brain. Annu Rev Neurosci [Internet] 1990;13(1):25–42. Available from: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325
14. Ardila A. On the evolutionary origins of executive functions. Brain Cogn [Internet] 2008;68(1):92–9. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0278262608001656
15. Alvarez MA, Balmaseda R. Corteza prefrontal. In: Manual de Neuropsicología infantil. Madrid: 2023.
16. Miyake A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, Witzki AH, Howerter A, Wager TD. The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis. Cogn Psychol [Internet] 2000;41(1):49–100. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001002859990734X
17. Friedman NP, Miyake A. Unity and diversity of executive functions: Individual differences as a window on cognitive structure. Cortex [Internet] 2017;86:186–204. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27251123/
18. Capilla A, Romero D, Maestú F, Campo P, Fernández S, González-Marqués J, et al. Emergencia y desarrollo cerebral de las funciones ejecutivas. Actas Esp. Psiquiatr.2004;32(6):377–86.
19. Zelazo PD. Executive function: Reflection, iterative reprocessing, complexity, and the developing brain. Dev Rev [Internet] 2015;38:55–68. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0273229715000295
20. Gioia GA, Isquith PK, Guy SC, Kenworthy L. TEST REVIEW Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Child Neuropsychol [Internet] 2000;6(3):235–8. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1076/chin.6.3.235.3152
21. Isquith PK, Roth RM, Gioia G. Contribution of Rating Scales to the Assessment of Executive Functions. Appl Neuropsychol Child [Internet] 2013;2(2):125–32. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21622965.2013.748389
22. Hill MS, Wagovich SA. Word learning from context in school-age children: relations with language ability and executive function. J Child Lang [Internet] 2020;47(5):1006–29. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0305000919000989/type/journal_article
23. Spinella M. Self-rated executive function: development of the Executive Function Index. Int J Neurosci [Internet] 2005;115(5):649–67. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00207450590524304
24. Flores JC, Castillo-Preciado RE, Jiménez-Miramonte NA. Desarrollo de funciones ejecutivas, de la niñez a la juventud. An Psicol [Internet] 2014;30(2):463–73. Available from: http://revistas.um.es/analesps/article/view/155471
25. Thompson A, Steinbeis N. Sensitive periods in executive function development. Curr Opin Behav Sci [Internet] 2020;36:98–105. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352154620301200
26. McCoy DC. Measuring Young Children’s Executive Function and Self-Regulation in Classrooms and Other Real-World Settings. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev [Internet] 2019;22(1):63–74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620904771
27. Friedman NP, Robbins TW. The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function. Neuropsychopharmacology [Internet] 2022;47(1):72–89. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-021-01132-0
28. Ardila A. Is intelligence equivalent to executive functions? Psicothema [Internet] 2018;30(2):159–64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29694315/
29. Cartwright KB, Lee SA, Taboada Barber A, DeWyngaert LU, Lane AB, Singleton T. Contributions of Executive Function and Cognitive Intrinsic Motivation to University Students’ Reading Comprehension. Read Res Q 2020;55(3):345–69.
30. McCoy DC. Measuring Young Children’s Executive Function and Self-Regulation in Classrooms and Other Real-World Settings. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev [Internet] 2019;22(1):63–74. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00285-1
31. Diamond A. Executive functions [Internet]. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier B.V.; 2020. page 225–40.Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64150-2.00020-4
32. Tirapu Ustárroz J, Bausela Herreras E, Cordero Andrés P. Modelo de funciones ejecutivas basado en análisis factoriales en población infantil y escolar: metaanálisis. Rev Neurol [Internet] 2018;67(06):215. Available from: https://www.neurologia.com/articulo/2017450
33. Burgess PW. Theory and Methodology in Executive Function Research [Internet]. In: Methodology Of Frontal And Executive Function. Routledge; 2004. page 87–121.Available from: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781135472030/chapters/10.4324/9780203344187-8
34. McCoy DC. Measuring Young Children’s Executive Function and Self-Regulation in Classrooms and Other Real-World Settings. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev [Internet] 2019;22(1):63–74. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10567-019-00285-1
35. Siegenthaler Hierro R, Rello Segovia J, Mercader Ruiz J, Presentación Herrero MJ. Funcionamiento ejecutivo en estudiantes con diferentes niveles de comprensión lectora. Int J Dev Educ Psychol Rev INFAD Psicol [Internet] 2018;2(1):347. Available from: http://www.infad.eu/RevistaINFAD/OJS/index.php/IJODAEP/article/view/1239
36. García Gómez A. Desarrollo y validación de un cuestionario de observación para la evaluación de las funciones ejecutivas en la infancia. Rev Intercont Psicol y Educ [Internet] 2015;17(1):141–62. Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/802/80242935008.pdf
37. Barrios-fernández S, Gozalo M, Amado-fuentes M, Carlos-vivas J. Machine Translated by Google niños Una Versión Corta del Cuestionario en Línea de EFECO para el Evaluación de las funciones ejecutivas en niños en edad escolar Machine Translated by Google. Children [Internet] 2021;8(799):1–14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/%0Achildren8090799
38. Canet-Juric L, Del Valle MV, Gelpi-Trudo R, García-Coni A, Zamora EV, Introzzi I, et al. Development and validation of the executive function questionnaire (Cufe) for children aged 9-12 years. Av en Psicol Latinoam 2021;39(1):1–25.
39. Rincón Díaz MA, Rey Anacona CA. Adaptación y evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas del brief-p en preescolares colombianos. CES Psicol [Internet] 2017;10(1):48–62. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2011-30802017000100048&lang=es%0Ahttp://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/cesp/v10n1/2011-3080-cesp-10-01-00048.pdf
40. Guerra A, Herrera LF, Cabanes L, Vázquez R. Desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas en escolares muy bajo peso al nacer. Rev Electrónica Psicol Iztacala [Internet] 2011;14(4):76–93. Available from: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=39656
41. Cabanes Flores L, Colunga Santos S, García Ruiz J. Funciones ejecutivas en escolares: un programa de intervención desde la matemática. Opuntia Brava [Internet] 2017;9(2):59–73. Available from: https://opuntiabrava.ult.edu.cu/index.php/opuntiabrava/article/view/148
42. Ferrás Y, Matos AG, Rodríguez G. Control inhibitorio, flexibilidad cognitiva y control atencional en educandos con y sin manifestaciones de conductas violentas del municipio Camagüey. Opuntia Brava [Internet] 2022;14(4):316–32. Available from: https://opuntiabrava.ult.edu.cu/index.php/opuntiabrava/article/view/1692/1915
43. Wong A, Rodríguez M, Quevedo L, Fernández de Cossío L, Borges A, Reyes A, et al. Questionnaire of Executive Function for Dancers. Assessment [Internet] 22;19(3):383–7. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1073191110397483
2. Pino Muñoz MM, Arán Filippetti V. Concepciones de niños y niñas sobre la inteligencia ¿Qué papel se otorga a las funciones ejecutivas y a la autorregulación? Propósitos y Represent [Internet]2019;7(2):269–86. Available from: http://revistas.usil.edu.pe/index.php/pyr/article/view/281
3. Rossignoli-Palomeque T, Quiros-Godoy M, Perez-Hernandez E, González-Marqués J. Schoolchildren’s Compensatory Strategies and Skills in Relation to Attention and Executive Function App Training. Front Psychol [Internet] 2019;10(October):1–14. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02332/full
4. Cortés Pascual A, Moyano Muñoz N, Quílez Robres A. The Relationship Between Executive Functions and Academic Performance in Primary Education: Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol [Internet] 2019;10(July). Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01582/full
5. Barroso y Martín JM, León Carrión J. Funciones ejecutivas: control, planificación y organización del conocimiento [Internet]. Rev. Psicol. Gen. y Apl. Rev. la Fed. Española Asoc. Psicol.2002;55(1):27–44. Available from: http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=260165&info=resumen&idioma=SPA
6. Korzeniowski C, Morelato G, Greco C, Manuel J. Improving Executive Functions in Elementary Schoolchildren. Eur J Psychol Educ Res 2020;3(1):59–73.
7. Alvarez MA. Datos blandos para ciencias duras. EOS. Madrid: 2016.
8. Cristofori I, Cohen-Zimerman S, Grafman J. Executive functions [Internet]. 2019. page 197–219.Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128042816000112
9. Burgess PW, Alderman N, Forbes C, Costello A, M-a.coates l, Dawson D, et al. The case for the development and use of “ecologically valid” measures of executive function in experimental and clinical neuropsychology. J Int Neuropsychol Soc [Internet] 2006;12(2):194–209. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1355617706060310/type/journal_article
10. Ardila A, Ostrosky F. Desarrollo Histórico de las Funciones Ejecutivas. Rev Neuropsicol Neuropsiquiatría y Neurociencias [Internet] 2008;48(1):1–21. Available from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3987433
11. Lezak MD. Assessing Executive Functions. Int J Psychol [Internet] 1982;17(1–4):281–97. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1080/00207598208247445
12. Ramos-Galarza C, Benavides-Endara P, Bolaños-Pasquel M, Fonseca-Bautista S, Ramos D, Ramos-Galarza C, et al. Escala de Observación Clínica Para Valorar la Tercera Unidad Funcional de la Teoría de Luria: EOCL-1. Rev Ecuatoriana Neurol [Internet] 2019;28(2):83–91. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/64127292/Escala_De_Observación_Clínica_Para_Valorar_La_Tercera_Unidad_Funcional_De_La_Teoría_De_Luria_Eocl_1
13. Posner MI, Petersen SE. The Attention System of the Human Brain. Annu Rev Neurosci [Internet] 1990;13(1):25–42. Available from: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325
14. Ardila A. On the evolutionary origins of executive functions. Brain Cogn [Internet] 2008;68(1):92–9. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0278262608001656
15. Alvarez MA, Balmaseda R. Corteza prefrontal. In: Manual de Neuropsicología infantil. Madrid: 2023.
16. Miyake A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, Witzki AH, Howerter A, Wager TD. The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis. Cogn Psychol [Internet] 2000;41(1):49–100. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001002859990734X
17. Friedman NP, Miyake A. Unity and diversity of executive functions: Individual differences as a window on cognitive structure. Cortex [Internet] 2017;86:186–204. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27251123/
18. Capilla A, Romero D, Maestú F, Campo P, Fernández S, González-Marqués J, et al. Emergencia y desarrollo cerebral de las funciones ejecutivas. Actas Esp. Psiquiatr.2004;32(6):377–86.
19. Zelazo PD. Executive function: Reflection, iterative reprocessing, complexity, and the developing brain. Dev Rev [Internet] 2015;38:55–68. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0273229715000295
20. Gioia GA, Isquith PK, Guy SC, Kenworthy L. TEST REVIEW Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Child Neuropsychol [Internet] 2000;6(3):235–8. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1076/chin.6.3.235.3152
21. Isquith PK, Roth RM, Gioia G. Contribution of Rating Scales to the Assessment of Executive Functions. Appl Neuropsychol Child [Internet] 2013;2(2):125–32. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21622965.2013.748389
22. Hill MS, Wagovich SA. Word learning from context in school-age children: relations with language ability and executive function. J Child Lang [Internet] 2020;47(5):1006–29. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0305000919000989/type/journal_article
23. Spinella M. Self-rated executive function: development of the Executive Function Index. Int J Neurosci [Internet] 2005;115(5):649–67. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00207450590524304
24. Flores JC, Castillo-Preciado RE, Jiménez-Miramonte NA. Desarrollo de funciones ejecutivas, de la niñez a la juventud. An Psicol [Internet] 2014;30(2):463–73. Available from: http://revistas.um.es/analesps/article/view/155471
25. Thompson A, Steinbeis N. Sensitive periods in executive function development. Curr Opin Behav Sci [Internet] 2020;36:98–105. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352154620301200
26. McCoy DC. Measuring Young Children’s Executive Function and Self-Regulation in Classrooms and Other Real-World Settings. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev [Internet] 2019;22(1):63–74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620904771
27. Friedman NP, Robbins TW. The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function. Neuropsychopharmacology [Internet] 2022;47(1):72–89. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-021-01132-0
28. Ardila A. Is intelligence equivalent to executive functions? Psicothema [Internet] 2018;30(2):159–64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29694315/
29. Cartwright KB, Lee SA, Taboada Barber A, DeWyngaert LU, Lane AB, Singleton T. Contributions of Executive Function and Cognitive Intrinsic Motivation to University Students’ Reading Comprehension. Read Res Q 2020;55(3):345–69.
30. McCoy DC. Measuring Young Children’s Executive Function and Self-Regulation in Classrooms and Other Real-World Settings. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev [Internet] 2019;22(1):63–74. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00285-1
31. Diamond A. Executive functions [Internet]. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier B.V.; 2020. page 225–40.Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64150-2.00020-4
32. Tirapu Ustárroz J, Bausela Herreras E, Cordero Andrés P. Modelo de funciones ejecutivas basado en análisis factoriales en población infantil y escolar: metaanálisis. Rev Neurol [Internet] 2018;67(06):215. Available from: https://www.neurologia.com/articulo/2017450
33. Burgess PW. Theory and Methodology in Executive Function Research [Internet]. In: Methodology Of Frontal And Executive Function. Routledge; 2004. page 87–121.Available from: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781135472030/chapters/10.4324/9780203344187-8
34. McCoy DC. Measuring Young Children’s Executive Function and Self-Regulation in Classrooms and Other Real-World Settings. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev [Internet] 2019;22(1):63–74. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10567-019-00285-1
35. Siegenthaler Hierro R, Rello Segovia J, Mercader Ruiz J, Presentación Herrero MJ. Funcionamiento ejecutivo en estudiantes con diferentes niveles de comprensión lectora. Int J Dev Educ Psychol Rev INFAD Psicol [Internet] 2018;2(1):347. Available from: http://www.infad.eu/RevistaINFAD/OJS/index.php/IJODAEP/article/view/1239
36. García Gómez A. Desarrollo y validación de un cuestionario de observación para la evaluación de las funciones ejecutivas en la infancia. Rev Intercont Psicol y Educ [Internet] 2015;17(1):141–62. Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/802/80242935008.pdf
37. Barrios-fernández S, Gozalo M, Amado-fuentes M, Carlos-vivas J. Machine Translated by Google niños Una Versión Corta del Cuestionario en Línea de EFECO para el Evaluación de las funciones ejecutivas en niños en edad escolar Machine Translated by Google. Children [Internet] 2021;8(799):1–14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/%0Achildren8090799
38. Canet-Juric L, Del Valle MV, Gelpi-Trudo R, García-Coni A, Zamora EV, Introzzi I, et al. Development and validation of the executive function questionnaire (Cufe) for children aged 9-12 years. Av en Psicol Latinoam 2021;39(1):1–25.
39. Rincón Díaz MA, Rey Anacona CA. Adaptación y evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas del brief-p en preescolares colombianos. CES Psicol [Internet] 2017;10(1):48–62. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2011-30802017000100048&lang=es%0Ahttp://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/cesp/v10n1/2011-3080-cesp-10-01-00048.pdf
40. Guerra A, Herrera LF, Cabanes L, Vázquez R. Desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas en escolares muy bajo peso al nacer. Rev Electrónica Psicol Iztacala [Internet] 2011;14(4):76–93. Available from: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=39656
41. Cabanes Flores L, Colunga Santos S, García Ruiz J. Funciones ejecutivas en escolares: un programa de intervención desde la matemática. Opuntia Brava [Internet] 2017;9(2):59–73. Available from: https://opuntiabrava.ult.edu.cu/index.php/opuntiabrava/article/view/148
42. Ferrás Y, Matos AG, Rodríguez G. Control inhibitorio, flexibilidad cognitiva y control atencional en educandos con y sin manifestaciones de conductas violentas del municipio Camagüey. Opuntia Brava [Internet] 2022;14(4):316–32. Available from: https://opuntiabrava.ult.edu.cu/index.php/opuntiabrava/article/view/1692/1915
43. Wong A, Rodríguez M, Quevedo L, Fernández de Cossío L, Borges A, Reyes A, et al. Questionnaire of Executive Function for Dancers. Assessment [Internet] 22;19(3):383–7. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1073191110397483
Downloads
Published
2023-12-12
How to Cite
1.
Rodríguez González D. Assessment of Executive Function in Childhood and Adolescence. Rev. Hosp. Psiq. Habana [Internet]. 2023 Dec. 12 [cited 2025 Aug. 18];20(3). Available from: https://revhph.sld.cu/index.php/hph/article/view/372
Issue
Section
Artículo de revisión
