Effect of Trichocereus Pachanoi Extract on Learning and Spatial Memory in Rattus rattus
Keywords:
learning, spatial memory, San Pedro cactus extractAbstract
Introduction: Throughout the history of humanity hallucinogens or entheogens have been used for several purposes from religious worship. Their physiological study is not easy because they are potions prepared on the basis of plant extract, the intake of which develops different effects on emotions and learning.
Objective: Assess the effect of Trichocereus Pachanoi extract on spatial memory in Rattus rattus.
Method: An increasing stimulus design was developed. Four similar groups of 5 rats were ordered, put into Problem I, II and III groups that were given the extract orally at different concentrations, and the control group was not given treatment, assessing spatial memory in Morris water maze.
Results: The rats had a similar average time to develop latency in the acquisition phase, and equivalent times were observed in the retention phase; when applying the 10% and 20% dose, the learning rate varies, showing a slight decrease between them, and with the 30% dose (the highest concentration), there was a greater decrease in the latency time of the acquisition phase, presenting long-term depression.
Conclusions: There was an effect equivalent to long-term depression in the experimental subject, evident in the duration of motor behavior in Morris water maze, through learning rate.
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References
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35. Barrera A. Modelo de cognición espacial y navegación en ratas para controlar a un robot móvil autónomo. [Tesis para optar el grado de doctor en ingeniería]. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 2007. pp 20–23 [acceso: 20/1/2022]. Disponible en: ftp://revistafal.com/pub/alfredo/ABarrera/Tesis-ABarrera-ParaImpresion.pdf
36. McEwen BS. Sex, stress and the hippocampus: allostasis, allostatic load and the aging process. Neurobiol Aging. 2002;23(5):921-39. PMID: 12392796
37. Craig AD. A new view of pain as a homeostatic emotion. Trends Neurosci. 2003;26(6):303-7. PMID: 12798599
38. Laborit H. The major mechanisms of stress. Methods Achiev Exp Pathol. 1991;15:1-26. PMID: 1762547
39. Castrén E. Is mood chemistry? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(3):241-6. PMID: 15738959
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41. García Sáez JA. ¿Pueden los animales ser titulares de derechos? Algunos argumentos desde una teoría garantista del Derecho. Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental. 2012 [acceso: 20/1/2022]; 3(2):1-23. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330445609_Pueden_los_animales_ser_titulares_de_derechos_Algunos_argumentos_desde_una_teoria_garantista_del_Derecho
42. Shulgin A, Nichols D, Braun U, Braun G; Peyton J III. Mescaline Analogs: Substitutions at the 4-position. National Institute of Drug Abuse; 1978.
4. Adovasio JM, Fry GF. Prehistoric psychotropic drug use in northeastern Mexico and Trans-Pecos Texas. Econ Bot. 1976 [acceso: 20/1/2022]; 30:94-6. Disponible en: https://bibliography.maps.org/bibliography/default/citation/10057
5. Brawley P, Duffield JC. The pharmacology of hallucinogens. Pharmacol Rev. 1972;24:31-66. PMID: 4626282
6. Brown RT, Bradens NJ. Hallucinogens. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1987;34:341-7. PMID: 3550656
7. Bruhn JG, De Smet PA, El-Seedi HR, Beck O. Mescaline use for 5.700 years. Lancet. 2002 [acceso: 20/1/2022]; 359:1866. Disponible en: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A91127&dswid=-5984
8. Rodríguez–Vega J, García–Ishimine R, Mejía–Pinedo D. Exploración del efecto de Trichocereus pachanoi en el carácter depresivo en ratas. Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas. 2021 [acceso: 20/1/2022]; 20(2). Disponible en: http://www.revhabanera.sld.cu/index.php/rhab/article/view/2957
9. Camino L. Cerros, plantas y lagunas poderosas: la medicina al norte de Perú. Lima: Lluvia Editores; 1992. p. 123-9.
10. Carod FJ, Vázquez-Cabrera C. Una visión transcultural de la patología neurológica y mental en una comunidad maya tzeltal de los Altos de Chiapas. Rev Neurol 1996 [acceso: 20/1/2022]; 24:848-54. Disponible en: https://www.neurologia.com/articulo/96526
11. Ott J. The age of entheogens and the angels dictionary. Kennewick WA Natural Products Co. 1995 [acceso: 20/1/2022]. Disponible en: https://paginas.uepa.br/herbario/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Jonathan-Ott-Pharmacotheon_-entheogenic-drugs-their-plant-sources-and-history-Natural-Products-Co-1996.pdf
12. Quirce CM, Tyler V, Maickel R P. Concepciones culturales de los estados alterados de la conciencia. Neuroeje: Asociación Costarricense de Ciencias Neuróticas. 1988 [acceso: 20/1/2022]; 6:15-30. Disponible en: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-581823
13. Steward O C. Peyote religion: A history. Oklahoma, USA: University of Oklahoma Press; 1994. p. 167–70.
14. Schultes RE, Raffauf RF. Vine of the soul: Medicine men, their plants and rituals in the Colombian Amazon. Arizona, USA: Synergistic Press, Oracle; 1992. P. 203.
15. Dobkin de Ríos M. Hallucinogens: Cross-cultural perspectives. Illinois: Waveland Press Inc.; 1996. p. 189–91.
16. Nichols D E. Differences between the mechanism of action of MDMA, MBDB and the classic hallucinogens. Identification of a new therapeutic class: Entactógenos. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1986;18:305-13. PMID: 2880944
17. Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Hermle L. Are the entactógenos, a distinct psychoactive substance class? The contribution of human experimental studies to the classification of MDMA and other chemically related methylenedioxy amphetamine derivatives. The Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research. 1998;1:46-50. PMID: 9005345
18. Shulgin A T, Shulgin A. PIHKAL: A chemical love story. California, USA: Transform Press (Rosetta); 1991. p. 179–81.
19. Hermle L, Spitzer M, Borchardt D, Kovar K A, Gouzoulis E. Psychological effects of MDE in normal subjects. Are entactogens a new class of psychoactive agents? Journal of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993 [acceso: 20/1/2022]; 8:171-6. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/1395272
20. Kehne JH, McClosky TC, Taylor VL, Black Ck, Fadayel GM, Schmidt CT. Effects of serotonin releasers 3, 4methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 4-chloro (PCA) and fenfluramine on acoustic and tactile startle reflexes in the rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1992;260:78-89. PMID: 1731054
21. Cryan J F, Lucky I. Antidepressant‐like behavioral effects mediated by 5‐hydroxytriptamine2c receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther. 2000 [acceso: 20/1/2022]; 295:1120‐6. Disponible en: https://studylib.es/doc/8427379/descargar-pdf---sociedad-de-farmacolog%C3%ADa-de-chile
22. Sánchez H, Reyes C. Metodología y diseños en la investigación científica. Lima, Perú: Editorial Mantaro; 1988. p. 14–16; 77.
23. Soto V. Bases para la investigación científica y tesis universitaria. Chiclayo, Perú: Colegio Médico del Perú (CR VIII); 1989. p. 25.
24. Falcón P, Zabaleta V. Metodología de la investigación científica. Trujillo, Perú: CEPEUNT, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo; 1978. p. 40–79.
25. Manson W, Lott D. Etología y psicología comparada. Annual Review of Psychology. 1987 [acceso: 20/1/2022]; 27:129-154. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/805/80519205.pdf
26. Bickel W, Marsch L. Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: delay discounting processes. Addiction. 2001;96:73-86. PMID: 11177521
27. Harley–Mason J. et al. I. The metabolism of mescaline in the human. II. Delayed clinical reaction to mescaline. Confin. Neurol. 1958;18:152-5.
28. Porsolt R D, Le Pichon M, Jaffre M. Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature. 1977;266:730‐2. PMID: 559941
29. Lucky I. The forced swimming test as a model for core and components behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1977;8:523‐32.PMID: 9832966
30. Leminger O. A contribution to the chemistry of alkoxylated phenethylamines - Part 2. Chemicky Prumysl; 1972. p. 553.
31. Shulgin A, Nichols D, Braun U, Braun G; Peyton J III. Mescaline Analogs: Substitutions at the 4-position. National Institute of Drug Abuse; 1978. p. 45–56.
32. Barassi N, Benavides F, Ceccarelli A. Ética en el uso de animales de experimentación. Rev. Medicina (Buenos Aires). 1996 [acceso: 20/1/2022]; 56(1). Disponible en: http://www.medicinabuenosaires.com/revistas/vol56-96/5/animalesdexp.htm
33. Redollar D, Ferran B, Cristina M, Roser N, Jordi S. Farmacología y Endocrinología del comportamiento. Editorial UOC. Barcelona. España. 2012. pp 193 – 19.
34. Perú. Ley 30407 Ley de protección y bienestar animal. Lima; 2015 [acceso: 20/1/2022]. Disponible en: https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/ley-de-proteccion-y-bienestar-animal-ley-n-30407-1331474-1/
35. Barrera A. Modelo de cognición espacial y navegación en ratas para controlar a un robot móvil autónomo. [Tesis para optar el grado de doctor en ingeniería]. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 2007. pp 20–23 [acceso: 20/1/2022]. Disponible en: ftp://revistafal.com/pub/alfredo/ABarrera/Tesis-ABarrera-ParaImpresion.pdf
36. McEwen BS. Sex, stress and the hippocampus: allostasis, allostatic load and the aging process. Neurobiol Aging. 2002;23(5):921-39. PMID: 12392796
37. Craig AD. A new view of pain as a homeostatic emotion. Trends Neurosci. 2003;26(6):303-7. PMID: 12798599
38. Laborit H. The major mechanisms of stress. Methods Achiev Exp Pathol. 1991;15:1-26. PMID: 1762547
39. Castrén E. Is mood chemistry? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(3):241-6. PMID: 15738959
40. Davolio S, Elías A, Prchal A, Sosa N, Mercau G. Consumo de edulcorantes e índice de aprendizaje en un modelo experimental. Argentina: Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; 2009 [acceso: 20/1/2022]. Disponible en: http://www.conganat.org/10congreso/trabajo.asp?id_trabajo=1752&tipo=4
41. García Sáez JA. ¿Pueden los animales ser titulares de derechos? Algunos argumentos desde una teoría garantista del Derecho. Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental. 2012 [acceso: 20/1/2022]; 3(2):1-23. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330445609_Pueden_los_animales_ser_titulares_de_derechos_Algunos_argumentos_desde_una_teoria_garantista_del_Derecho
42. Shulgin A, Nichols D, Braun U, Braun G; Peyton J III. Mescaline Analogs: Substitutions at the 4-position. National Institute of Drug Abuse; 1978.
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2022-08-17
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Rodríguez Vega JL, Mejía Pinedo DA, Campos Reyna JL, Cabrejo Paredes JE, Lora Loza MG. Effect of Trichocereus Pachanoi Extract on Learning and Spatial Memory in Rattus rattus. Rev. Hosp. Psiq. Hab. [Internet]. 2022 Aug. 17 [cited 2025 Dec. 30];18(3):e210. Available from: https://revhph.sld.cu/index.php/hph/article/view/210
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