Heterogeneidad en las estimaciones de prevalencia de síntomas depresivos con PHQ-8/PHQ-9: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
Resumen
Introducción: las estimaciones poblacionales de síntomas depresivos obtenidas con instrumentos de tamizaje difieren por instrumento, punto de corte, diseño muestral, contexto y periodo de recolección, lo que limita su comparabilidad.
Objetivo: cuantificar y explorar la heterogeneidad de la prevalencia de tamizaje positivo para síntomas depresivos en población general mediante PHQ-8 o PHQ-9.
Método: revisión sistemática según PRISMA 2020. Se incluyeron muestras poblacionales no clínicas, probabilísticas o representativas, con PHQ-8/PHQ-9 ≥10, sin restricción por periodo de recolección. Se aplicó metaanálisis de proporciones con transformación logit, REML, ajuste Hartung-Knapp e intervalo de predicción. Se realizaron subgrupos y metarregresiones por instrumento, periodo y características del estudio.
Resultados: se incluyeron 20 estimaciones no superpuestas (N=651 509). La prevalencia combinada fue 10,40 % (IC95%: 8,08-13,31; I²=99,5 %; τ²=0,351), con intervalo de predicción de 3,14-29,38 %. Las estimaciones prepandémicas fueron 7,78 % (IC95%: 6,59-9,16; k=14) y las obtenidas desde marzo de 2020, 19,68 % (IC95%: 14,14-26,72; k=6). El periodo se asoció con la prevalencia en metarregresión (p<0,001) y explicó 70,3 % de la varianza entre estudios, aunque persistió heterogeneidad elevada dentro de ambos periodos.
Conclusiones: el periodo de recolección fue una fuente importante de heterogeneidad. La variabilidad residual respalda una interpretación específica del contexto y desaconseja considerar PHQ-8/PHQ-9 ≥10 como prevalencia diagnóstica universal de depresión.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Alberto Guevara Tirado, Gerard Guardia Barra, Wilson Leonardo Nolasco Elias, Jazmin Camila Borja Tineo

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