The relationship between Depersonalization and Self-perceived Interpersonal Intelligence among Ecuatorian Higher Education Teachers
Keywords:
teacher burnout, depersonalization, cynicism, interpersonal skills, self-concept, sex differencesAbstract
Introduction: The relationship between burnout and emotional intelligence has been widely studied. Alterations in dimensions, such as emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment and intrapersonal skills have shown a close relationship with teaching, with notable differences with other dimensions, such as depersonalization and interpersonal skills.
Objective: Assess the association between the depersonalization indicator and interpersonal skills in Ecuadorian university professors.
Materials and methods: The adapted version for teachers of the Maslach Burnout Inventory Educator Survey was applied. An ad hoc scale developed by researchers was used to determine interpersonal intelligence.
Results: Low levels of depersonalization and high levels of interpersonal intelligence were observed. Most teachers assessed their interpersonal skills to be positive. A negative, but significant relationship was found between depersonalization and interpersonal intelligence, with notable differences between genders. Men showed higher levels of depersonalization compared to women.
Conclusions: This study reveals a significant association between depersonalization and interpersonal intelligence in the academic context. Findings suggest that, although men experience higher levels of depersonalization, self-perception of interpersonal skills is generally high in both genders. These results highlight the importance of considering personal and gender factors in the well-being and performance of university teachers, challenging the notion that academic experience alone is sufficient for good educational performance.
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References
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8. Simbula S, Guglielmi D. Depersonalization or cynicism, efficacy or inefficacy: what are the dimensions of teacher burnout? Eur J Psychol Educ. 2010;25(3):301-14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-010-0017-6
9. Shepperd J, Malone W, Sweeny K. Exploring Causes of the Self-serving Bias. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2008;2(2):895-908. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00078.x
10. Paredes M, et al. Burnout y afrontamiento en docentes universitarios de Ecuador. GICOS: Revista del Grupo de Investigaciones en Comunidad y Salud. 2020;6(4):39-55. Available from: http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/gicos
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19. Rumschlag KE. Teacher burnout: A quantitative analysis of emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment, and depersonalization. Int Manag Rev. 2017;13(1):22-36. Available from:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359894508_Techers'_Emotional_Intelligence_and_Burnout
20. García-Ros R, Fuentes MC, Fernández B. Teachers’ interpersonal self-efficacy: evaluation and predictive capacity of teacher burnout. EJREP. 2015;13(3):483. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.14204/ejrep.37.14105
21. Eagly AH, Karau SJ. Gender and the emergence of leaders: A meta-analysis. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;60(5):685-710. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.5.685
22. Shehzad S, Mahmood N. . Gender Differences in Emotional Intelligence of University Teachers. Pak J Soc Clin Psychol. 2013;11(1). Available from: https://www.gcu.edu.pk/pages/gcupress/pjscp/volumes/pjscp20131-3.pdf
23. Soanes DG, Sungoh SM. Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Teacher Effectiveness of Science Teachers. Psychol. 2019;10(13):1819-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2019.1013118
24. Zamir S, Hina QA. An Analysis of Interpersonal Skills of Teachers at Higher Level. J Res Soc Sci. 2017;5(2):135-48. Available from: https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/analysis-interpersonal-skills-teachers-at-higher/docview/2006718919/se-2
25. Friedman IA. Self-Efficacy and Burnout in Teaching: The Importance of Interpersonal-Relations Efficacy. Soc Psychol Educ. 2003;6(3):191-215. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024723124467
26. Tan YJ, Quek CLG, Fulmer G. Validation of Classroom Teacher Interaction Skills Scale. Asia-Pacific Educ Res. 2019;28(5):429-46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-019-00444-6
27. Alden L. Self-efficacy and causal attributions for social feedback. J Res Pers. 1986;20(4):460-73. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(86)90126-1
28. Brouwers A, Tomic W. The factorial validity of scores on the teacher interpersonal self-efficacy scale. Educ Psychol Meas. 2001;61(3):433-45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/00131640121971301
29. Friedman IA, Kass E. Teacher self-efficacy: A classroom-organization conceptualization. Teach Teach Educ. 2002;18(6):675-86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(02)00027-6
30. Frank JL, Jennings PA, Greenberg MT. Validation of the mindfulness in teaching scale. Mindfulness. 2016;7(1):155-63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0461-0
31. Mayer JD, Salovey P. The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence. 1993;17(4):433-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896(93)90010-3
32. Dulewicz V, Higgs M. Can emotional intelligence be measured and developed? Leadersh Organ Dev J. 1999;20(5):242-53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739910287117
33. Mayer JD. What is emotional intelligence? Research. Durham: University of New Hampshire; 2004. Available from: https://scholars.unh.edu/personality_lab/8
34. Gardner H. Frames of mind. New York: Basic Books; 1983. Available from: https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2633225
35. Revelle W. How to use the psych package for mediation/moderation/regression analysis. Personal. Proj. 2021. Available from: https://personality-project.org/r/tutorials/HowTo/mediation.pdf
36. D’Orazio M. univOutl: Detection of Univariate Outliers. 2021. Available from: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=univOutl
37. Hubert M, Vandervieren E. An adjusted boxplot for skewed distributions. Comput Stat Data Anal. 2008;52(12):5186-201. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2007.11.008
38. Wilcox RR. Some outlier detection methods. In: Introduction to Robust Estimation and Hypothesis Testing. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Science & Technology; 2013. p. 96-100. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/C2010-0-67044-1
39. Koenker R. quantreg: Quantile Regression. 2021. Available from: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=quantreg
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41. Kocherginsky M, He X. Extensions of the Markov chain marginal bootstrap. Stat Probab Lett. 2003;77(12):1258-68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spl.2007.03.010
42. Mair P, Wilcox R. Robust Statistical Methods in R Using the WRS2 Package. Behav Res Methods. 2020; 52:464-88. Available from: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/WRS2/vignettes/WRS2.pdf
43. Harrell FE, Davis CE. A new distribution-free quantile estimator. Biometrika. 1982;69(3):635-40. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/69.3.635
44. Wilcox RR, et al. Comparing two independent groups via the lower and upper quantiles. J Stat Comput Simul. 2014;84(7):1543-51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2012.754026
45. Rousselet GA, Pernet CR, Wilcox RR. Beyond differences in means: robust graphical methods to compare two groups in neuroscience. Eur J Neurosci. 2017;46(2):1738-48. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13610
46. Ilaja B, Reyes C. Burnout y estrategias de inteligencia emocional en profesores. Psicol desde el Caribe. 2016;33(1):31-46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14482/psdc.33.1.8081
47. Cansoy R, Parlar H, Kılınç AÇ. Teacher Self-Efficacy as a Predictor of Burnout. Int Online J Educ Sci. 2017;9(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2017.01.011
48. Harter S, Whitesell NR. On the importance of importance ratings in understanding adolescents' self-esteem: beyond statistical parsimony. In: Riding RJ, Rayner SG, editors. Self-perception. Westport: Ablex Publishing; 2001. p. 3-23. Available from: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-05481-001
49. Karpen SC. The Social Psychology of Biased Self-Assessment. Am J Pharm Educ. 2018;82(5):6299. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6299
50. Dobson K, Franche R-L. A conceptual and empirical review of the depressive realism hypothesis. Can J Behav Sci. 1989;21(4):419-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079839
51. Thomson W. Depression, Neuroticism, and the Discrepancy Between Actual and Ideal Self-Perception. Pers Individ Dif. 2016; 88:219-24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.003
52. Beyer S. Gender Differences in Self-Perception and Negative Recall Biases. Sex Roles. 1998;38(1):103-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018768729602
53. Moyano N, et al. Burned or engaged teachers? The role of mindfulness, self-efficacy, teacher and students’ relationships, and the mediating role of intrapersonal and interpersonal mindfulness. Curr Psychol. 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02433-9
54. Rosenfield D, Stephan WG. Sex differences in attributions for sex-typed tasks 1. J Pers. 1978;46(2):244-59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00178.x
55. Deaux K. From individual differences to social categories: Analysis of a decade’s research on gender. Am Psychol. 1984;39(2):105. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.2.105
2. Gastaldi FGM, et al. Measuring the Influence of Stress and Burnout in Teacher-Child Relationship. Eur J Educ Psychol. 2014;7(1):17-28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.30552/ejep.v7i1.99
3. Vera-Bermudez J, et al. Distinción por sexo en el rol del profesor como investigador y sus implicaciones en el quemado profesional. Proceedings of the 15th LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education and Technology. 2017:239. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.18687/LACCEI2017.1.1.239
4. Puertas Molero P, et al. Influence of Emotional Intelligence and Burnout Syndrome on Teachers Well-Being: A Systematic Review. Soc Sci. 2019;8(6):185. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8060185
5. Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Organ Behav. 1981;2(2):99-113. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
6. Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP. Maslach burnout inventory. In: Zalaquett CP, Wood RJ, editors. Evaluating Stress: A Book of Resources. Lanham: Scarecrow Press; 1997. Available from: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-09146-011
7. Maslach C. A multidimensional theory of burnout. In: Cooper CL, editor. Theories of organizational stress. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998. p. 85. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280939428_A_Multidimensional_Theory_of_Burnout
8. Simbula S, Guglielmi D. Depersonalization or cynicism, efficacy or inefficacy: what are the dimensions of teacher burnout? Eur J Psychol Educ. 2010;25(3):301-14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-010-0017-6
9. Shepperd J, Malone W, Sweeny K. Exploring Causes of the Self-serving Bias. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2008;2(2):895-908. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00078.x
10. Paredes M, et al. Burnout y afrontamiento en docentes universitarios de Ecuador. GICOS: Revista del Grupo de Investigaciones en Comunidad y Salud. 2020;6(4):39-55. Available from: http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/gicos
11. Revelle W. psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University; 2021. Available from: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych
12. Hakanen JJ, Bakker AB, Schaufeli WB. Burnout and work engagement among teachers. J Sch Psychol. 2006;43(6):495-513. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001
13. Benita M, Butler R, Shibaz L. Outcomes and antecedents of teacher depersonalization: The role of intrinsic orientation for teaching. J Educ Psychol. 2019;111(6):1103-18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000328
14. Tabera Galván MV, et al. Percepción de los estudiantes universitarios de Ciencias de la Salud sobre las actitudes de los docentes y su influencia en el clima de aprendizaje. Rev Complut Educ. 2015;26(2):275-93. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_RCED.2015.v26.n2.43028
15. Madigan DJ, Kim LE. Does teacher burnout affect students? A systematic review of its association with academic achievement and student-reported outcomes. Int J Educ Res. 2021;105:101714. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101714
16. Maslach C, Jackson SE, Schwab RL. Maslach burnout inventory-educators survey (MBI-ES). MBI manual. 1996; 3:27-32. Available from: https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2804221
17. Byrne BM. Burnout: Investigating the impact of background variables for elementary, intermediate, secondary, and university educators. Teach Teach Educ. 1991;7(2):197-209. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(91)90027-M
18. Bayani AA, Bagheri H, Bayani A. Influence of gender, age, and years of teaching experience on burnout. Ann Biol Res. 2013;4(4):239-43. Available from: http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html
19. Rumschlag KE. Teacher burnout: A quantitative analysis of emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment, and depersonalization. Int Manag Rev. 2017;13(1):22-36. Available from:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359894508_Techers'_Emotional_Intelligence_and_Burnout
20. García-Ros R, Fuentes MC, Fernández B. Teachers’ interpersonal self-efficacy: evaluation and predictive capacity of teacher burnout. EJREP. 2015;13(3):483. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.14204/ejrep.37.14105
21. Eagly AH, Karau SJ. Gender and the emergence of leaders: A meta-analysis. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;60(5):685-710. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.5.685
22. Shehzad S, Mahmood N. . Gender Differences in Emotional Intelligence of University Teachers. Pak J Soc Clin Psychol. 2013;11(1). Available from: https://www.gcu.edu.pk/pages/gcupress/pjscp/volumes/pjscp20131-3.pdf
23. Soanes DG, Sungoh SM. Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Teacher Effectiveness of Science Teachers. Psychol. 2019;10(13):1819-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2019.1013118
24. Zamir S, Hina QA. An Analysis of Interpersonal Skills of Teachers at Higher Level. J Res Soc Sci. 2017;5(2):135-48. Available from: https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/analysis-interpersonal-skills-teachers-at-higher/docview/2006718919/se-2
25. Friedman IA. Self-Efficacy and Burnout in Teaching: The Importance of Interpersonal-Relations Efficacy. Soc Psychol Educ. 2003;6(3):191-215. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024723124467
26. Tan YJ, Quek CLG, Fulmer G. Validation of Classroom Teacher Interaction Skills Scale. Asia-Pacific Educ Res. 2019;28(5):429-46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-019-00444-6
27. Alden L. Self-efficacy and causal attributions for social feedback. J Res Pers. 1986;20(4):460-73. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(86)90126-1
28. Brouwers A, Tomic W. The factorial validity of scores on the teacher interpersonal self-efficacy scale. Educ Psychol Meas. 2001;61(3):433-45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/00131640121971301
29. Friedman IA, Kass E. Teacher self-efficacy: A classroom-organization conceptualization. Teach Teach Educ. 2002;18(6):675-86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(02)00027-6
30. Frank JL, Jennings PA, Greenberg MT. Validation of the mindfulness in teaching scale. Mindfulness. 2016;7(1):155-63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0461-0
31. Mayer JD, Salovey P. The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence. 1993;17(4):433-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896(93)90010-3
32. Dulewicz V, Higgs M. Can emotional intelligence be measured and developed? Leadersh Organ Dev J. 1999;20(5):242-53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739910287117
33. Mayer JD. What is emotional intelligence? Research. Durham: University of New Hampshire; 2004. Available from: https://scholars.unh.edu/personality_lab/8
34. Gardner H. Frames of mind. New York: Basic Books; 1983. Available from: https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2633225
35. Revelle W. How to use the psych package for mediation/moderation/regression analysis. Personal. Proj. 2021. Available from: https://personality-project.org/r/tutorials/HowTo/mediation.pdf
36. D’Orazio M. univOutl: Detection of Univariate Outliers. 2021. Available from: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=univOutl
37. Hubert M, Vandervieren E. An adjusted boxplot for skewed distributions. Comput Stat Data Anal. 2008;52(12):5186-201. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2007.11.008
38. Wilcox RR. Some outlier detection methods. In: Introduction to Robust Estimation and Hypothesis Testing. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Science & Technology; 2013. p. 96-100. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/C2010-0-67044-1
39. Koenker R. quantreg: Quantile Regression. 2021. Available from: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=quantreg
40. Davino C, Furno M, Vistocco D. Quantile Regression: Theory and Applications. 1st ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated (Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics Ser); 2013. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/39779234/Quantile_Cristina_Davino_Marilena_Furno_Domenico_Vistocc
41. Kocherginsky M, He X. Extensions of the Markov chain marginal bootstrap. Stat Probab Lett. 2003;77(12):1258-68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spl.2007.03.010
42. Mair P, Wilcox R. Robust Statistical Methods in R Using the WRS2 Package. Behav Res Methods. 2020; 52:464-88. Available from: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/WRS2/vignettes/WRS2.pdf
43. Harrell FE, Davis CE. A new distribution-free quantile estimator. Biometrika. 1982;69(3):635-40. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/69.3.635
44. Wilcox RR, et al. Comparing two independent groups via the lower and upper quantiles. J Stat Comput Simul. 2014;84(7):1543-51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2012.754026
45. Rousselet GA, Pernet CR, Wilcox RR. Beyond differences in means: robust graphical methods to compare two groups in neuroscience. Eur J Neurosci. 2017;46(2):1738-48. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13610
46. Ilaja B, Reyes C. Burnout y estrategias de inteligencia emocional en profesores. Psicol desde el Caribe. 2016;33(1):31-46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14482/psdc.33.1.8081
47. Cansoy R, Parlar H, Kılınç AÇ. Teacher Self-Efficacy as a Predictor of Burnout. Int Online J Educ Sci. 2017;9(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2017.01.011
48. Harter S, Whitesell NR. On the importance of importance ratings in understanding adolescents' self-esteem: beyond statistical parsimony. In: Riding RJ, Rayner SG, editors. Self-perception. Westport: Ablex Publishing; 2001. p. 3-23. Available from: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-05481-001
49. Karpen SC. The Social Psychology of Biased Self-Assessment. Am J Pharm Educ. 2018;82(5):6299. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6299
50. Dobson K, Franche R-L. A conceptual and empirical review of the depressive realism hypothesis. Can J Behav Sci. 1989;21(4):419-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079839
51. Thomson W. Depression, Neuroticism, and the Discrepancy Between Actual and Ideal Self-Perception. Pers Individ Dif. 2016; 88:219-24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.003
52. Beyer S. Gender Differences in Self-Perception and Negative Recall Biases. Sex Roles. 1998;38(1):103-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018768729602
53. Moyano N, et al. Burned or engaged teachers? The role of mindfulness, self-efficacy, teacher and students’ relationships, and the mediating role of intrapersonal and interpersonal mindfulness. Curr Psychol. 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02433-9
54. Rosenfield D, Stephan WG. Sex differences in attributions for sex-typed tasks 1. J Pers. 1978;46(2):244-59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00178.x
55. Deaux K. From individual differences to social categories: Analysis of a decade’s research on gender. Am Psychol. 1984;39(2):105. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.2.105
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2024-11-05
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Figueira JAV, Ruiz-Barzola O, Vera-Bermudez J, Carvajal Parra ID, Valdevila Santiesteban R, Benenaula Vargas LP. The relationship between Depersonalization and Self-perceived Interpersonal Intelligence among Ecuatorian Higher Education Teachers. Rev. Hosp. Psiq. Habana. [Internet]. 2024 Nov. 5 [cited 2025 Aug. 3];21(3). Available from: https://revhph.sld.cu/index.php/hph/article/view/515
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