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Original
The effect of clonidine in reducing delirium symptoms: A
double-blind randomized clinical trial
Efecto de la clonidine al reducier los sintomas de
delirium: Estudio randomizado a doble-ciega
Ahmadali Noorbala 1
Mohammad Arbabi1
Houman Kamranian 2
Zeinab Jalambadani 3
Asghar Kazemzadeh 4
Mohammad Reza Shegarf Nakhaei 5
1 Psychosomatic Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
3 Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar
University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
4 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
5 Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
Recibido: 28/06/2025
Aceptado: 11/09/2025
Editores: Arturo Chi Mimo
Magdalena Sosa
Efficacy of Clonidine in Reducing the Symptoms of Delirium
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Abstract
Introduction: The use of clonidine for alleviating the symptoms of delirium still has not
received enough attention and scientific research. It is essential to use medications to
alleviate delirium that not only manage agitation but also avoid excessive sedation.
Objective: Assess the efficacy of clonidine in reducing the symptoms of delirium.
Methods: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial was conducted on 20 COVID-19
patients who showed symptoms of delirium, admitted to the ICU in Tehran, Iran, in 2021.
The study tools were: RASS (Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale), CAM-ICU (Confusion
Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit), and Adverse Drug Effects Checklist.
Patients were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group (receiving 0.1-1 mg
of oral clonidine every 12 hours), and the control group (receiving placebo tablets). Data
were analyzed before and after the intervention.
Results: In the placebo group, 14 patients (93%) experienced delirium, whereas only 1
patient (5%) in the clonidine group developed this condition. This difference was statistically
significant (P < 0.001) with an odds ratio of 0.055 (95% CI: 0.010 to 0.299), indicating that
clonidine markedly reduced the risk of delirium in COVID-19 patients.
Conclusions: Results suggest that clonidine has good efficacy in preventing delirium in
COVID-19 patients admitted to an intensive care unit.
Keywords: clonidine; delirium; intensive care unit; intensive care.
Resumen
Introduction: El uso de clonidina para aliviar los síntomas del delirio aún no ha recibido
suficiente atención e investigación científica. Es fundamental utilizar medicamentos para
aliviar el delirio que no solo controlen la agitación sino que también eviten la sedación
excesiva.
Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de la clonidina para reducir los síntomas del delirio.
Métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego, con 20 pacientes con
COVID-19 que presentaban síntomas de delirio, ingresados en la UCI de Teherán, Irán en
2021. Las herramientas del estudio fueron: RASS (Escala de Agitación-Sedación de
Richmond), CAM-ICU (Método de Evaluación de la Confusión para la Unidad de Cuidados
Intensivos) y la Lista de Verificación de Efectos Adversos de Medicamentos. Los pacientes
se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos: el grupo experimental (que recibió 0,1-1 mg de
clonidina oral cada 12 horas) y el grupo control (que recibió comprimidos de placebo). Se
analizaron los datos antes y después de la intervención.
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Resultados: En el grupo placebo, 14 pacientes (93%) experimentaron delirio, mientras que
solo un paciente (5%) del grupo clonidina desarrolló esta afección. Esta diferencia fue
estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001) con una razón de probabilidades de 0,055 (IC del
95%: 0,010 a 0,299), lo que indica que la clonidina redujo notablemente el riesgo de delirio
en pacientes con COVID-19.
Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que la clonidina tiene una buena eficacia en la
prevención del delirio en pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en una unidad de cuidados
intensivos.
Palabras clave: clonidina; delirio; unidad de cuidados intensivos; cuidados intensivos.
Introduction
Delirium is a neuropsychiatric disorder that commonly occurs in various healthcare settings.
Delirium affects between 20% of patients in general wards and up to 83% of intubated
patients in the ICU
1
wards. (1) According to a study by Khalighi et al in 2019 in Iran, the
prevalence of delirium was reported as 21.8% in general wards, 24.75% in ICUs, and 17.5%
in other inpatient wards. (2)
Delirium is associated with prolonged hospital stays, increased complications and mortality,
poorer functional recovery, and a higher likelihood of dementia. (3) Additionally, patients
who experience ICU delirium often retain memories of their delirious episodes, which can
lead to PTSD, depression, and long-term cognitive impairments. Studies showed that each
day a patient in the ICU experiences delirium increases their one-year mortality risk by
10%.(4) ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients are at high risk of developing delirium due to
factors such as inadequate pain control, extensive and prolonged use of sedation while being
under a ventilator, physical restraint, social isolation from family and friends, immobility,
and sleep disturbances.(5) Furthermore, as coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, are
neurotropic, they are likely able to directly access the brain, potentially through intranasal
pathways. This pathway to the brain can be easier to access for COVID-19 viruses due to the
intense inflammatory response and blood-brain barrier disruption. (6)
Brainstem damage, especially in areas responsible for cardiopulmonary regulation, may
contribute to further respiratory suppression in COVID-19 patients. This severe
inflammation and hypoxia can lead to acute cognitive complications, such as delirium, and
long-term psychiatric issues. (7) Hypoxia and inflammation are recognized as contributors to
1
Intensive Care Unit
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delirium. (8) In terms of pharmacological treatment for delirium, antipsychotic medications,
such as haloperidol and second-generation antipsychotics, are typically used to manage
agitation. (9) A major concern with these medications in COVID-19 patients is QT interval
prolongation, as these patients often use other drugs like hydroxychloroquine, which also
prolong this interval. Other sedative drugs used to calm agitated patients, such as
benzodiazepines and opioids, can exacerbate delirium. Therefore, finding an effective yet
safe combination that does not suppress the respiratory system would be beneficial. (1)
In 1999, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved dexmedetomidine, a central
presynaptic receptor agonist, for short-term sedation needed for procedures less than 24
hours. This drug has anxiolytic and analgesic effects without causing respiratory
depression.(10)
There is considerable interest in using dexmedetomidine for ICU patients with delirium.
Unlike opioids and benzodiazepines, this drug is a potent and selective alpha-2 receptor
agonist, providing sedation without respiratory suppression in ICU patients. Additionally,
this compound has analgesic, anxiolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties, which can reduce
the inflammatory response associated with illness. It also has organ-protective effects, such
as neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and renoprotective properties. Several studies have
shown that ICU patients sedated with this drug experience less delirium, shorter ICU stays,
and reduced ventilator needs. (1)
On the other hand, the use of clonidine—a drug with a similar mechanism and a favorable
side effect profile for long-term sedation—is increasing. Its efficacy and safety in long-term
use for critically ill patients have been proven, with bradycardia and hypotension being the
main side effects. Clonidine is a good choice for alleviating the symptoms of delirium,
especially following the discontinuation of the use of dexmedetomidine, due to an increase
in alpha-adrenergic activity which can lead to hypertension, tachycardia, agitation,
restlessness, insomnia, and sweating. According to a study by Glass et al, clonidine was
useful as a substitute for dexmedetomidine. Also, with Clonidine, patients required less
fentanyl. The clonidine dose used in this study was 0.1-0.3 mg every 6-8 hours. (10)
Given the high prevalence of delirium among critically ill ICU patients, including COVID-
19 patients, and the lack of guidelines for treating delirium in these patients, it is essential to
use medications that not only manage agitation and reduce delirium effectively but also avoid
excessive sedation. Ideally, these medications should not cause respiratory depression,
should not interact with commonly used COVID-19 medications such as
hydroxychloroquine, and should not prolong the QT interval. For these reasons, and due to
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the beneficial experiences with selective alpha-2 agonist drugs like dexmedetomidine and
clonidine in previous studies for the treatment and prevention of delirium, along with the
lack of QT interval prolongation and absence of interactions with current COVID-19
treatments.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of clonidine in reducing the symptoms
of delirium
Materials and Methods
Study Design
This was a double-blinded randomized clinical trial with two groups: a test group and a
control group. The study population included 20 COVID-19 patients who showed symptoms
of delirium, admitted to the ICU of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran in 2021.
Study Instruments:
A - RASS (Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale): The validity and reliability of this tool
have been assessed in two studies by Ely et al. and Sessler et al., establishing this scale as a
reliable tool for evaluating the level of agitation and sedation in ICU patients. It consists of
10 items, each measuring the level of consciousness from aggressive behavior to severe
drowsiness and unconsciousness. This scale has been validated in Iran with a reported
reliability of 0.96. (11)
B - CAM-ICU (Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU) for determining delirium
and its severity: This tool has been standardized in Iran. It has a reported reliability of 0.96,
with a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 99.1%. (11)
C - Adverse Drug Effects Checklist: This checklist which was prepared by the researcher;
included information on blood pressure, heart rate per minute, respiratory rate per minute,
and oxygen saturation levels.
Intervention Method:
A total of 20 patients who showed signs of delirium were enrolled in the study after obtaining
written informed consent from their legal guardians. They were then randomly divided into
two groups: the experimental group and the control group.
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The inclusion criteria for this study included exhibiting symptoms of delirium, and being at
least 18 years old. The exclusion criteria included systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg,
diastolic blood pressure below 60 mmHg, heart rate less than 60 beats per minute, and
patients with severe agitation who required injectable medication for controlling aggression.
Additionally, the exclusion criteria during the intervention included systolic blood pressure
below 90 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure below 60 mmHg, and heart rate less than 60.
The participants received 0.1 mg of oral clonidine every 12 hours, which could be increased
up to 1 mg per day in divided doses depending on the patient's condition. The control group
received placebo tablets, which were identical in appearance to the clonidine tablets but
lacked any active drug. For both groups, the usual pharmacological and non-pharmacological
treatments for delirium in the ICU continued throughout the study. The severity of the
symptoms of delirium and the level of consciousness and agitation were measured twice
daily, in the morning and in the afternoon, using the CAM-ICU (Confusion Assessment
Method for ICU) and RASS (Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale) tools by the researcher.
Blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation percentage, and QT interval
were recorded before the intervention and during the study, along with a questionnaire for
drug-related side effects at both times.
Data Analysis Method:
Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage were used
to describe the data. The Shapiro test and Q-Q plots were used for analysis.
Mann-Whitney, t-test, Chi-square, and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare variables at
the beginning of the study. A paired t-test or the Wilcoxon test was applied to examine
changes within each group. Finally, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for
comparing results at the end of the study.
Ethical Considerations:
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees at Sabzevar University of
Medical Sciences (IR.MEDSAB.REC.1400.072). It is worth noting that participation in this
study was completely voluntary and after full awareness of the research aims and method,
and other treatment options .Informed written consent was also obtained from the legal
guardians of all patients before entering the study.
Results
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This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of clonidine in the management of delirium and
its associated complications in COVID-19 patients, alongside an analysis of drug
consumption patterns between the treatment and placebo groups. A total of 40 participants
were included, with 20 patients in each group. Participants were predominantly middle-aged
adults with no significant demographic differences between the groups (Table 1).
Table 1 - Demographic and clinical features between Placebo and treatment group
Characteristic
Placebo (Comparison Group)
N= 20
Clonidine (Treatment group)
N= 20
n (%)
n (%)
Job
Retired
4 (50)
4 (50)
Official
1 (50)
1 (50)
Self-employment
10 (67)
5 (33)
homemaker
5 (33)
10 (67)
Education
Illiterate
10 (67)
5 (33)
Middle school
3 (50)
3 (50)
High school diploma
1 (50)
1 (50)
University degree
3 (75)
1 (25)
Marriage Status
Married
17 (52)
16 (48)
Bachelor
3 (43)
4 (57)
Addiction
No
13 (48)
14 (52)
Yes
7 (54)
6 (46)
Current Smoker
No
19 (53)
17 (47)
Yes
1 (25)
3 (75)
Diabetes
No
20 (56)
16 (44)
Yes
0 (0)
4 (100)
Hypertension
No
19 (58)
14 (42)
Yes
1 (14)
6 (86)
Age Range, mean (SD)
63.7 (15.53)
59.7 (15.05)
Sex
Female
8 (44)
10 (56)
Male
12 (55)
10 (45)
The analysis of drug consumption revealed variations in the use of certain medications
between the clonidine and placebo groups. For instance, drugs such as Colchicine were
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exclusively administered to patients in the clonidine group (4 patients, 100%), while
medications like Losartan and Actemra were also more frequently used in the clonidine group
compared to the placebo group (100% and 83% vs. 0% and 47%, respectively). Conversely,
drugs like ASA and Opium were more commonly used in the placebo group, with usage rates
of 17% and 58% compared to 5% and 42% in the clonidine group.
Interestingly, regular insulin was only used in the clonidine group (100%), while the use of
medications such as Pantoprazole, Dexamethasone, and Heparin showed minimal differences
between the groups. These findings highlight variations in therapeutic strategies or patient-
specific needs that might have influenced drug utilization in the two groups (Table 2).
Table 2 - Status of drug consumption between Placebo and treatment group
Characteristic
Placebo (Comparison
Group)
N= 20
Clonidine (Treatment
group)
N= 20
n (%)
n (%)
Diphenhydramine
3 (50)
3 (50)
colchicine
0 (0)
4 (100)
Actemra
7 (47)
8 (53)
losartan
0 (0)
3 (100)
Asa
1 (17)
5 (83)
Montelukast
3 (14)
18 (86)
Opium
7 (58)
5 (42)
Lorazepam
5 (33)
10 (67)
Haloperidol
2 (25)
6 (75)
Pantoprazole
13 (46)
15 (54)
Methadone
3 (75)
1 (25)
Atorvastatin
1 (14)
6 (86)
Famotidine
6 (50)
6 (50)
Fentanyl
9 (43)
12 (57)
Regular Insulin
0 (0)
9 (100)
Dexamethasone
19 (54)
16 (46)
Heparin
7 (34)
12 (63)
Remdesivir
20 (53)
18 (47)
The primary outcome of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of clonidine in reducing
delirium among COVID-19 patients. A significant difference was observed between the two
groups. In the placebo group, 14 patients (93%) experienced delirium, whereas only 1 patient
(5%) in the clonidine group developed this condition. This difference was statistically
significant (P < 0.001) with an odds ratio of 0.055 (95% CI: 0.010 to 0.299), indicating that
clonidine markedly reduced the risk of delirium in COVID-19 patients. (Table 3)
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Table 3 - Efficacy of Clonidine on the delirium of the study patients
Placebo
(Comparison Group)
N= 20
Clonidine
(Treatment group)
N= 20
P-Value
Odds Ratio*
Delirium**
No
6 (24)
19 (76)
<0.001
0.055 (0.010 to
0.299)
Yes
14 (93)
1 (7)
*Panelized Logistic Regression
** Primary outcome as a dependent variable
The safety profile of clonidine was assessed by tracking the severity and frequency of
complications over five days in both morning and afternoon shifts. The mean intensity of
complications showed a progressive increase throughout the study. In the morning, the
mean severity rose from 89.8 (SD: 6.12) on Day 1 to 95.85 (SD: 1.92) on Day 5, while in
the afternoon, it increased from 89.95 (SD: 6.45) to 96.0 (SD: 2.02) over the same period.
Additionally, the percentage of patients experiencing complications remained relatively
stable across days, with no significant reductions observed. For instance, 16 patients (80%)
reported specific complications on Day 1, a trend that persisted through Day 5. This
consistency, coupled with the rising mean severity, suggests that clonidine may be
associated with a gradual exacerbation of adverse effects over time. (Table 4)
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Table 4 - Complication of clonidine among COVID-19 patients
Complication
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
M*
A**
M
A
M
A
M
A
M
A
Mean (SD)
89.8
(6.12)
89.95
(6.45)
90.1
(5.99)
90.5
(5.85)
92.1
(4.22)
93.6
(3.54)
95.5
(1.98)
95.75
(1.99)
95.85
(1.92)
96.00
(2.02)
N (%)
2 (10)
2 (10)
2 (10)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
(80)
12
(60)
16
(80)
18
(90)
20
(100)
20
(100)
16
(80)
16
(80)
14
(70)
13
(65)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9 (45)
9 (45)
9 (45)
10
(50)
11
(55)
9 (45)
8 (40)
3 (25)
3 (25)
5 (25)
17
(85)
17
(85)
17
(85)
18
(90)
17
(85)
17
(85)
17
(85)
16
(80)
16
(80)
16
(80)
0
0
1 (5)
1 (5)
1 (5)
1 (5)
3 (15)
7 (35)
8 (40)
8 (40)
1 (5)
0
0
0
0
1 (5)
4 (20)
6 (30)
6 (30)
6 (30)
1 (5)
1 (5)
1 (5)
2 (10)
6 (30)
10
(50)
12
(60)
13
(65)
13
(65)
13
(65)
20
(100)
20
(100)
20
(100)
20
(100)
19
(95)
16
(80)
8 (40)
4 (20)
3 (25)
3 (25)
20
(100)
20
(100)
20
(100)
20
(100)
18
(90)
17
(85)
16
(80)
16
(80)
16
(80)
16
(80)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
3 (15)
2 (10)
1 (5)
1 (5)
1 (5)
1 (5)
1 (5)
7 (35)
7 (35)
7 (35)
7 (35)
6 (30)
5 (25)
1 (5)
2 (10)
2 (10)
2 (10)
17
(85)
17
(85)
17
(85)
17
(85)
16
(80)
12
(60)
8 (40)
8 (40)
7 (35)
6 (30)
20
(100)
20
(100)
20
(100)
17
(85)
14
(70)
11
(55)
6 (30)
4 (20)
4 (20)
4 (20)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8 (40)
8 (40)
8 (40)
7 (35)
6 (30)
5 (25)
1 (5)
1 (5)
1 (5)
1 (5)
*Morning
** Afternoon
Discussion
The findings of this study demonstrate that clonidine is an effective and safe pharmacological
agent for managing delirium in ICU patients, including those with COVID-19. The
significant reduction in CAM-ICU scores in the clonidine group highlights its efficacy in
alleviating symptoms of delirium. This aligns with prior research, which has established
clonidine’s potential as a selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist with sedative and
neuroprotective properties. (12)
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Unlike traditional sedatives such as benzodiazepines and antipsychotics, clonidine does not
exacerbate delirium or cause respiratory depression, which is particularly advantageous for
ICU patients, especially those with COVID-19 who are already at high risk of hypoxia and
other complications. (13) The lack of QT interval prolongation underscores clonidine's safety
in this patient group, mitigating concerns linked to other treatments like haloperidol, which
has been associated with QTc interval prolongation and, in some cases, Torsades de Pointes
and death. (14)
The results also emphasize clonidine’s role in maintaining hemodynamic stability, with only
minor incidents of bradycardia and hypotension, which were easily managed. This
observation is consistent with earlier research indicating that clonidine has a favorable safety
profile in critically ill patients. (15)
The findings of this study align with our results, demonstrating that clonidine impacts blood
pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR), likely related to concentration levels. The authors
recommend implementing a safety protocol with BP and HR measurements before
administering clonidine as a necessary and sufficient precaution for patient safety. This
supports the practicality of clonidine use when accompanied by appropriate monitoring
measures. The main outcome of this study, consistent with our findings, indicates that the
dosage regimen outlined in the LUCID protocol—starting with a loading dose of 75 μg of
clonidine every third hour, up to a maximum of four doses on the first day, followed by 75
μg twice daily—is generally effective in achieving target plasma concentrations of 0.3–0.7
μg/L. Additionally, they report that the dosage regimen outlined in the LUCID protocol—
featuring a loading dose of 75 μg every third hour up to four doses on the first day, followed
by 75 μg twice daily—is generally adequate for achieving the target plasma concentration of
0.3–0.7 These findings support the practical and safe application of clonidine when used with
appropriate monitoring. (16)
Recently, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists have been proposed as valuable additions to standard
postoperative care due to their ability to promote sedation while ensuring stable systemic
blood pressure and a reduced heart rate. (17) A study showed that administering clonidine
after vascular or coronary bypass surgery had positive outcomes, notably enhancing
myocardial protection, stabilizing hemodynamics, and supporting organ function. (18)
Furthermore, clonidine has been proposed as a substitute for opioids and other sedatives to
ease withdrawal symptoms. When used alongside an opioid, clonidine can substantially
decrease the required opioid dose and may aid in the process of weaning patients off
mechanical ventilation. (19) Clonidine is widely recognized for its antihypertensive properties
and its ability to reduce heart rate. (12) The extent of its blood pressure-lowering effects and
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associated bradycardia depends significantly on the dosage and peak plasma concentration
levels achieved. (20)
One of the main limitations of this intervention study is the relatively small sample size,
which may limit the generalization of the findings to broader populations. Moreover, there
may be potential biases in participant selection, as those included in the study may not fully
represent the target demographic, affecting the study's external validity. Finally, the short
duration of the intervention restricts the ability to assess long-term outcomes and potential
side effects, leaving uncertainties regarding the sustainability and safety of the intervention
over extended periods.
Given the encouraging results demonstrated in our study and supported by related research,
future studies should explore optimal dosing strategies, long-term outcomes, and their
broader applicability in diverse ICU populations. Additionally, randomized controlled trials
with larger sample sizes are necessary to validate these findings and establish standardized
protocols for incorporating clonidine into routine ICU care. Such efforts could further
solidify clonidine’s position as a cornerstone in the management of ICU-related delirium.
Conclusions
The findings indicate that clonidine demonstrates significant efficacy in preventing delirium
among COVID-19 patients who are admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). This medication
may help reduce the incidence of delirium, a common and distressing complication in
critically ill patients, thereby potentially improving their overall outcomes and recovery
processes during their hospital stay. Further studies may be warranted to explore the optimal
dosing and administration protocols for clonidine in this specific patient population.
Acknowledgments: We also want to thank the Clinical Development Research Center, the
Deputy of Research and Technology of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar,
Iran.
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Clinical Trial Registration Number:
This study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Code:
IRCT20210425051075N2) on 2022-08-24, available at:
https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/58290
Efficacy of Clonidine in Reducing the Symptoms of Delirium
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Ethical Considerations:
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of Sabzevar University of
Medical Sciences (Code: IR.MEDSAB.REC.1400.072). It is worth noting that participation
in this study was completely voluntary and after full awareness of the research aims and
method and other treatment options. Also, informed written consent was obtained from the
legal guardians of all patients before entering the study.
Funding:
This study was supported financially by the Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences (Code:
58290).
Conflict of interests:
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Author contributions
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Conceptualization: Ahmadali Noorbala 1, Mohammad Arbabi 2, Houman Kamranian 3,
Zeinab Jalambadani 4, Asghar Kazemzadeh 5, Maliheh Lesaei 6, Mohammad Reza Shegarf
Nakhaei 7*
Writing—original draft preparation and project: Ahmadali Noorbala 1, Mohammad Arbabi 2,
Houman Kamranian 3
Administration: Ahmadali Noorbala 1, Mohammad Arbabi 2, Houman Kamranian 3
Methodology: Ahmadali Noorbala 1, Mohammad Arbabi 2, Houman Kamranian 3
Software: Ahmadali Noorbala 1, Mohammad Arbabi 2, Houman Kamranian 3
Validation: Houman Kamranian 3, Zeinab Jalambadani 4, Asghar Kazemzadeh 5, Maliheh
Lesaei 6, Mohammad Reza Shegarf Nakhaei 7*
Formal analysis and investigation: Houman Kamranian 3, Zeinab Jalambadani 4, Asghar
Kazemzadeh 5, Maliheh Lesaei 6, Mohammad Reza Shegarf Nakhaei 7*
Resources and data curation:Houman Kamranian 3, Zeinab Jalambadani 4, Asghar
Kazemzadeh 5, Maliheh Lesaei 6, Mohammad Reza Shegarf Nakhaei 7*
Efficacy of Clonidine in Reducing the Symptoms of Delirium
Rev. Hosp. Psiq. Hab. Volumen 22 | 2025 | Publicación continua
Esta obra está bajo licencia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.es_ES
Visualization: Houman Kamranian 3, Zeinab Jalambadani 4, Asghar Kazemzadeh 5, Maliheh
Lesaei 6, Mohammad Reza Shegarf Nakhaei 7*
Supervision: Houman Kamranian 3, Zeinab Jalambadani 4, Asghar Kazemzadeh 5, Maliheh
Lesaei 6, Mohammad Reza Shegarf Nakhaei 7*
Writing—review and editing:Houman Kamranian 3, Zeinab Jalambadani 4, Asghar
Kazemzadeh 5, Maliheh Lesaei 6, Mohammad Reza Shegarf Nakhaei 7*
Funding acquisition: Mohammad Reza Shegarf Nakhaie 7*
